09/03/2016, Arbaa
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, Salawat iban salam pa Nabi junjungan taniyu kalasahan Nabi Muhammad Sallallahualayhiwasallam, ahli bait niya sampayna pa manga sahabat niya katan radhiyallahuanhuma.
PANAGNAAN SIN PAGTAWAGUN SULUG:
Kiyasulat halawm buku Tausug & Kesultanan Sulu, 2007 (Tausug and the Sulu Sultanate), in pagtawagun laung niya Sug atawakan Tausug yan kiyanganan sabab daing ha sifat sin kabuhianan nila ha kapuan maglalaud magdaragat (magiista, magbabanug, magaadjung magdaragang iban mangangayaw) hati niya in kabuhianan kabiyaksahan nila ha dagat. Kiyanganan isab Suluk sabab in sila nagaammal ammalan Sufi pagtawagun Suluk ha bahasa Arab. Hati niya, hangkan sila maisug magbunu' magparrang sabil. Sampayna pa bihaun mikit na in ngan Suluk kanila di ha Malaysia.[1]
Ha tahun 2008 pa tahun 2010, nabaktul in hambuuk blog ngiyanan Tausug Global [2], kiyabayta' halawm, biyuklad in suy-suy daing kan Prof Neldy Jolo, biyaddiin in kabaak niya sin panagnaan ngan Tausug, ha labay usul bahasa. Bihayni bang ta pasawahun;
- In pagtawagun Sug yan daing da ha ngan Sulug. In maksud sin Sulug yan kusug anud sin tubig atawa dagat. In magsabbut Sulug (Sollog) yan manga pihak Sama @ Badjaw, Iranun-Maranao-Maguindanao iban manga kaibanan Bisaya'.
- In Malayu amura in pagsabbut nila Sulug da amusadja di' makatu'lid sumabbut sin huruf "G" hangkan magtingug "K" mahinang Suluk[3].
- In Tausug nakauna asal Sulug da in pagsabbut, amusadja in dila' sin Tausug ini kabiyaksahan nila magtapuk sin tingug "L" ha dila' nila. In wala' magtingug wa', in halul magtingug hawl, in salampang magtingug sapang, in balimbing mangtingug baymbing, balay mangtingug bay, sulud magtingug sud. Hangkan in Sulug magtingug Sug.
- Bang kita imiyan in ngan Sug kiyawa' daing ha ngan Suluk sin Sufi, bima'na subay na awun in Islam nara mari pa Nusantara ampa kita kiyanganan Sug atawa Tausug. In Islam na kapamarinta ha Sug subay na tahun 1405. Bang bihadtu saway pa tahun 1405 nagsultan hi Syariful Hasyim way pa in ngan Sug?
- Bangta bassahun in nusulan kiyasulat nila, in ngan Sulug awunna ha tahun 1330 ha jaman panagnaan sin Majapahit ha masa hi Raja Hayam Wuruk namarinta. Kiyasulat nila halaum Negarakartegama in ngan Sulug, amusadja in pagsabbut nila Solot.
- Damikkian, ha awal pa yadtu, ha jaman sin Srivijiya namarinta ha Sumatra tahun 700 sampay na pa tahun 1200, awunna asal in pagsabbutun nila Solok manunjuki pa ngan Sulug.
Sollog in pagsabbut sin pihak Sama @ Badjaw ha kusug anud sin dagat.
In kahaupuan niya, matilag masawa na katu', in ngan Sug daing da ha sasabbutan Sulug. Nagtupad na iban sin sasabbutan sin Brunei, Malayu iban Jawa. Maluhay tana hatihun, mahita' in ngan sin laud yaun kiyanganan Laud Sulu sabab sin nakawa' da daing ha sasabbutan Sulug.
Bang awun pa teori sin manga kataymanghuran taniyu labi maraw daing haini, malingkat in matipun taniyu hambuukun kapagsaw-sawhan in bukti' sin argument pakaniya pakaniya. In teori hi Prof Neldy Jolo ini ha pangatudku mahugut in katindug niya, biya'da sin bayta' niya, in uyusal niya anthro linguistic sabab sin kahatihan niya in bahasa Malayu, bahasa Sug, Tagalog-Bisaya' iban bahasa Iranun-Maranao, labi luba' na bahasa Anggalis.
Pagabut tahun 2013, nag reprint hi Asreemoro sin buku niya Tausug & Kesultanan Sulu ha Kuala Lumpur, giyanapan niya palawm in etymology (asal maana) sin Sug kiyawa' niya daing ha Sulug hi Prof Neldy Jolo. Pagabut tahun 2015, nakasulat hi Prof Neldy Jolo hambuuk buku ba'gu ngiyanan niya Sulug in Sabah: The Way of life and culture. Salta' piyasawa niya na halawm in asal sin sasabbutan Sug daing ha Sulug.
TEORI SIN PAGTAWAGUN SULUK HA BAHASA ARAB:
Bang awun manunulat mamayta' in ngan Sug yan in asal niya daing ha pagbahasahun Suluk, hati niya hambuuk siya daing ha ammalan sin manga ahli Tasawwuf (Sufi), in ini awun da isab kasabunnalan niya. Amu sadja ha pandapat ku marai' sadja hat coincidence sambat sin Anggalis. Marai' biya' sin Quote ha bahasa Anggalis iban sin Ku'ut ha bahasa Sug, atawa biya' sin Password ha Anggalis, Pasud bang ha Sinug. Hangka tingug agun hangkamaksud hangkasipat sagawa' way parsugpatan.
Sabab, halawm dunnya Islam, masi naman piyaglugatan sin manga ahli Lughah in kamaksuran tuud sin ngan Tasawwuf bang haiin in asal muassal niya. Bang mismu in ngan Tasawwuf masi naman musykil, biyaddiinna in kaadaan sin ngan Suluk yaun mimikit halawm sin institution ilmu' Tasawwuf? Tantu labi pa in musykil niya?
Laung sin kaibanan in ngan Sufi nakawa' daing ha waktu karatung sin manga pihak Muhajirin pa Madinah ha jaman sin Rasulullah SAW, sabab in manga Muhajirin nakalandu' in sigpit way karuunan nila malaingkan sawrung sin masjid Nabawi ngiyanan nila Suffah. Lagi' laung nila in panamung sin manga Muhajirin landu' in kamiskin danan nakabadju' Suf (bulbull kambing, sapantun karut sung gaddung). Laung nila di hayni na timagna' in ngan Sufi.
Halawm kitab Qamus Al-Muhit, di' laung niya magtupad ha ilmu' bahasa Arab in ngan Suffah mawn pa Sufi malaingkan daing ha Suffah pa Suffi. Hati niya duwa in fa.[4] Amusadja laungta bang mari kita pa Syariat Islam, misan unu na in ngan biyutang yaun, in kamaksuran sin pagnganan Tasawwuf (Sufi) maunda pa pangadji' akhlak mulliya sin Rasulullah SAW maglissin sin lawm atay magpalingkat sin pangaddatan. Mawunda pa pagtawagun Ihsan (Iman, Islam, Ihsan)[5].
Hikadtu ta pa ngan Suluk, ampana malami in paglugat nila bang haiin in asal muassal sin ammalan magsuluk ini. In ammalan Suluk ini yari halawm ukum sakup sin pangadji' Tasawwuf[6]. In tukuran sin kaibanan in ammalan Suluk ini simali' pa ammalan Samadhi (bartapha) sin manga Pandit/Bikshu sin manga Hindu-Buddha. Laung sin kaibanan in pangadji' ini hambuuk siya disiplin ilmu' Syariah taga puunan ha kaawal sin Islam.
"Ilmu' Tasawwuf nabilang siya halawm ilmu' syariat agama asal daing da ha Islam. Timindug in pamaratsaya ini ha pangita' sin manga nagaammal amuin miyamagad, bahawa in manga muslim awal yadtu manga sahabat nabi, manga tabiin, iban sin manga sila simunud hinang nila dan tudju pa kasabunnalan iban hidayah. In sara' sufi ini daing ha sifat kakahinang madaran pagbalik-balikan in pagibadat, hipu' in pagmatugul pa Allah, di' mabaya' malussung ha babaw dunnya, lumayu' daing ha ni'mat kasannangan, alta', iban pangkat amuin iyaangan-angan sin manga manusiya' kamatauran...[.] salta' in hinang niya magkhalwat (magdugurugu isa-isa) hinangun in pagibadat. In kahalan ini hihinang sin manga sahabat nabi iban manga muslimin awal atawa salaf"- Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun.[7]
Alhasil, in kamaksuran tuud sin pagtawagun Suluk sin Sufi ini magmusafir batin. In agi hi Syaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, hambuuk tau Milikan nagtarjum sin kitab Tasawwuf dakula';
"Traveller (Salik) derives from travel (suluk), meaning to proceed along, the allusion being to the spiritual journey, meaning one's seeking knowledge of the rules of religion with seriousness and effort, to thereby reach Allah Most High and be saved perdition". Umdat al-Salik.[8]
Kitab Suluk Tasawwuf daing ha guru dakula' mazhab Syafi'i.
TEORI SIN NGAN SULUK NAKAWA' SIN ARAB DAING HA NGAN SULUG:
Awun hambuuk buku daing ha Philippines in tadjuk niya Queast of the Dragon and Bird Clan, 2006, sulatan hi Paul Kekai Manansala. Iyurul niya in nusulan sin bangsa Sayabiga (Zabag). In layu' sin kiyaabutan sin paguki' saiksik niya naabut niya in puunan sin manga asal muassal sin Sufi ha Basrah, Iraq. Laung niya awun parsugpatan sin manga awal Sufi ha Basrah iban manga Esmailiyyah amuin sugpat pa bangsa Sayabiga daing ha Nusantara.
Asal in manga bangsa Sayabiga tagna' asal sila kimakaput agama Buddhis daing ha mazhab Tantric. In sila makusug magbaltapa (tafakkur @ Meditation). Datung nila daing ha Nusantara pa India, daing ha India pa Iran, abut na pa Iraq hangkan sila ini mataud ha Basrah.
In pangadji' Sufi nabaktul in institution niya tuud muna-muna ha Basrah, Iraq ini ha awal tahun 700. Hangkaan kabaakan ta in ngan hi Syaikh Hassan Al-Basri[9] iban hi Rabiyatul Adawiyyah[10] halaum kakitab-kitaban sin manga Sufi Sunni. Nabilang sila ini panagnaan sin Sufi Salafussaleh (Salaf) timagna' daing ha Basrah. In bayta' sin manga ahli nusul, hi Syaikh Hassan Al-Basri ini in liyuuran niya daing ha Iran. Bang sawpama siya iyagaran atawa piyagguruhan sin manga Traveller daing ha Iran, tantu makagad da isab in manga Sayabiga.
In paguki' sayksik hi Paul Kekai Manansala misan mataud in interpretasi niya ha data di' magsulut iban sin panghati ta, sagawa' nakadihil siya katu' hambuuk dan lalabayan madtu pa maksud. Sabab bang mari katu', in nusulan sin pagtawagun niya Sayabiga malaggu' in parsugpatan niya mari pa Sulu. Bang ta ta'taun in pagiyanun nila Zabag/Zabaj/Srivijaya/Sanfotsi, asal tuud langkit da pa Zolo, Solo, Sooloo, Solor, Solox, Solok, Solot, Suluk, Sulug, Sug, Lozones, Lucoes, Joloano (Holoano), Moros, Pilak @ urang Pilipin (in pagtawag sin manga Sabahan mabunsi ha Suluk ha bihaun masa).
Kiyasulat nila in bangsa Sayabiga ini mabuntul iban maisug kunu', amuin pagtawagun nila bihaun Amphibian Warrior.
"From all these sources which in perfect agreement, it is evident that the Sayabiga were naturally soldiers, disciplined, used to the sea, faithful servants which qualities rendered them most suitable to serve in army by land or sea, to act as guards and to act as soldiers, guards, police officers, gaolers and warders of the treasury."
Sumagawa' in kiyasulat isab sin manga manunulat nusulan sin Nusantara ini, bahawa in tutug mahunit atuhan ha masa sin Empayar Majapahit timagna' tahun 1330, sampay na sadja imabut in patahunan 1900's, amuna in pagtawagun Men of the Sulu Sea.
Bukti' daing ha manga panunulat Milikan.
Ha pandapat ku, in miyaksud Zabag @ Zabaj atawa Sayabiga (Sanfotsi @ Srivijaya) ini amura in manga tau daing ha kapuan Sulug (Sulu) amuin di' magtuna' magsasaban maglayag kadtu mari nakalalamud nasadja sin paghilu-hala' bang sila kaabutan, sabab sin nagatap da ha sulatan hi Al-Biruni (c.1030) iban hi Al-Mas'udi (c.934) iban manga kaybanan panunulat Islam nakauna.
"Kapu'puan mawun tampal pa subangan ha lauran ini (Laud Champa @ Vietnam), amuin labi masuuk pa China daing sin pa India, amuna in pagtawagun kapuan Zabaj, amuin siyabbut sin manga tau Hindu, Suvarnadvipa, amunayaun in kapuan bulawan... karna', makakawa' kaw mataud bulawan hinangun puunan bang kaw makahugas misan hat sadja maniyu' tiyu' lupa' daing ha ginlupaan sin hula' niya"- Al-Biruni[11].
"Ha laud Champa (tampal pa subangan ha laud satan sin China) amuna in kiyatampat sin pamarinta Maharaja, raja sin kapu'puan, amuin nagkakawasa ha manga pamarinta way tubtuban iban mataud sundalu niya di' maitung. Misan pa kappal pinaka maladju di' da makaubus layagun halawm duwa tahun maglatag sin kapu'puan kiyapagkawasahan niya. In wilayat sin raja ini magpaguguwa' hasil indaginis pamapa iban manga kahamut hamutan, iban way pamarinta makawasa dugaing halawm dunnya ini simali' ha pagdaya mataud lupa' kiyapagkawasahan niya."- Al-Mas'udi[12].Damikkian in kiyasulat hi Antonio Pigafetta (1491-1531), Tome Pires (1512-1515), Fernão Mendes Pinto (1614) nasabbut nila in bangsa pagnganan Lucoes (Luções) amuin maisug magbunu' ha laud iban mati'but maglayag magdagang kadtu mari maglatag sin kahula' hulaan. In pangannal nila in pagtawagun Lucoes yaun manga Visaya atawa manga Tagalog atawa baha' manga bangsa dugaing yaun ha Mainila (Luzon bihayaun). Bang ta pinu-pinuhun papagbatukun daing ha data sin Ming Dinasty ha China, in kamaksuran sin pagtawagun Lucoes amura in Tausug (Sulug). In kahalan ini piyasawa pa hi Francisco Combés (1620–1665) kakadtu niya pa Sambuangan (Siukon, Zamboanga) in pagtawag niya Lutaos ha manga tau maisug namamarinta ha Sambuangan (nakadugaing in paghidja', in patut niya Lucoes bukun Lutaos, bang bukunda salla' hi Combes nagsulat atawa salla' sin nagtarjum).
In miyaksud hi Combes, in pagtawagun yan Lutaos naghuhula' ha Jolo iban ha Zamboanga, in sila maisug magbunu' pagpakayun sin manga kahula'-hulaan ha katilingkal Nusantara paatuhun ha kuntara nila. Sultan Buayan (Maranao) laung hi Combes wayra kusug misan in sundalu niya mataud, labi makusug in Sultan Maguindanao laung niya misan tiyu'tiyu' da in sundalu niya sabab sin tiyatabangan siya sin manga Lutaos amuin yaun nagjajaga sin pu' Jolo.
Laung sin manga panunulat kaibanan, in tau Sulu laung niya maingat magbahasa Malayu ha masa nakauna sawaypa karatung sin manga bangsa manglulungkup. Mismu hi Dr Adrian B. Lapian hambuuk historian sin Indonesia ha teori niya, bahasa Malayu kunu' in bissara sin tau ha Sulu tagna', pagkaun sin manga Tausug daing ha Luzon-Visayas kiyagantian na in bissara pa bahasa Tausug. Tantu awun sadja Tausug in kimahagad sin tukud-tukud nila ini. Hangkan subay in manga bangsa Sug uki' sayksikun nila in kaawal sin Tausug yaun ha kabuku-bukuhan siyulat sin bangsa dugaing bat nila kaingatan bunnal atawa bukun in tukuran sin manga kaibanan manunulat.
PAG PASAWA SIN KABTANGAN SULUG HA KABIYAKSAHAN SIN HULA' MALAYU IBAN SUGPAT NIYA PA HULA' ARAB
PAG PASAWA SIN KABTANGAN SULUG HA KABIYAKSAHAN SIN HULA' MALAYU IBAN SUGPAT NIYA PA HULA' ARAB
Bang sawpama laungta asal na kita pagtawagun bangsa Sulug (Sug) ha waktu nakauna pa yadtu sawaypa kapagbata' sin Nabi Muhammad Sallallahualayhiwasallam, sabab sin kabiyaksahan nila ra in manga bangsa Sulug yaun nagdaragang ha Iran, Iraq lagbas pakahula'-hulaan Arab dugaing, biyaddiin baha' in proses sin kabtangan Sulug nahinang Suluk ha dila' sin Arab?
Sabab matampal ha manga panunulat nusulan sin Nusantara, in dila' Arab bang sumabbut "Zabag" magtingug "Zabaj", bukun "Zabak". Hati niya in huruf "G" ha duhul kabtangan magtingug "J" bukun "K".
Biya' da sin kiyasulat sin manga manunulat, in kiyakilahan nila bangsa Sayabiga ha Iraq-Baghdad makusug magammal Tafakkur Buddhis Tantric (Bartapha) sapantun magjikir, kiyahidayatan mayan sila simud Islam nahinang sila bubunu' mananabang iban nakalamud sila ha manga tumpukan Sufi awal ha Basrah, Iraq. Nag convert sadja sila sin ammalan Tantrik nila pa ammalan zikrullah sin Islam.
Tantu sadja, marai' in ngan Suluk sin ammalan Sufi ini daing da ha ngan Sulug nahinang alian atawa danglay sadja ha panagnaan, manunjuki pa ammalan Tantrik sin manga Sulug, maglulugay mikit na pa ngan Suluk. Atawa, madaran pagkarungugan nila ha dila' sin manga bangsa Malayu Sumatra in gulalan Suluk ini yaun asal mataud nagdaragang ha Basrah. Sabab, nasabbut sin Buddhis China bahawa in bangsa Malayu Sumatra ini in agama nila kamatauran Buddhis Mahayana bukun Buddhis Tantrik. Mataud parbiddaan sin mazhab Mahayana daing sin mazhab Tantrik
da sin kabiyaksahan sin dila' Malayu in "G" ha duhul magtingug da "K". Sulug mahinang Suluk. Hangkan ayaw kita mainu-inu di ha Malaysia iban Brunei in pagtawag ha Tausug ha dila' nila Suluk. Manjari ta pagsulayan, sumulat ha katas "SULUG" ampa pabassahun ha manga Malayu, in tingug niya Suluk da bukun Sulug.
InsyaAllah, murah-murahan dulan sin Nagpapanjari, ha sulatan sumunud, uki' sayksikun ta isab in pagtawagun Suvarnadvipa bang unu in sugpat niya pa Sulug (Sulu). Lilayun ta in pagtawagun LUCOES @ LOZONES ini ha jaman sin Srivijaya iban Majapahit sampay pa Thailand iban Burma abut mari pa China Ming Dinasty, langkit da mawn pa pagtawagun nila Solok di ha Sumatra iban Malaysia. Bang awun salla', nagkulang naglabi ha bukun maraw aturun iban bassahun, mangayu' aku kamaapan. Wallahu a'lam bish-shawabi...
Mahuli wassalam...
Footnote:
[1] Asreemoro @ Asree Sug, Tausug & Kesultanan Sulu, 2007 Kuala Lumpur, pg. 16.
[2] http://tausug-global.blogspot.com, baktulan hi Asreemoro @ Asree Sug 2008.
[3] Mahaba' in pagpasawa hi Prof Neldy Jolo halaum buku niya Sulug In Sabah: The Way of Life and Culture, 2014 Kuala Lumpur, pg. 29-39.
[4] Al-Qamus Al-Muhit (Arabic: قاموس المحيط) ("Comprehensive Dictionary"), by Al-Fīrūzābādī (1329-1414) Abu Tahir Majid al-Din Muhammad Ibn Ya'qub Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim al-Shirizi al-Fairuzabadi.
[5] Hadith Jibreel, Hadith umbul 2 halawm sin Hadith 40 Imam An-Nawawi, riwayat Imam Muslim rhm.
[6] Hati niya taga Qawli, Qalbi, Fi'li, amuna in ammalan limingkud magpatanam tutug magjikir balik-balikan sabbutun in ngan sin Allah SWT. Magsambahayang, magpuasa atawa salat da in pagkaun, paginum iban mahang na gumuwa' mamanawan. Magjikir sadja, in manaw amura in atay niya limaya madtu pahadirat sin Allah SWT.
[7] Muqaddimah (DBP KL, 2009), pg. 631. Ibn Khaldūn (/ˌɪbənxælˈduːn/; Arabic: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي, Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī; May 27, 1332 – March 19, 1406) was a (Tunisian) Arab Muslim historiographer and historian, regarded to be among the founding fathers of modern sociology, historiography, demography, and economics. (Wikipedia).
[8] Syaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Author's Introduction to 'Umadat al-Salik, m.s. 48.
[9] Al-Hasan ibn Abi-l-Hasan al-Basri (Arabic: الحسن بن أبي الحسن البصري) (642–728), also known as Hasan al-Basri (حسن البصري), was a well-known Muslim preacher, theologian, and scholar of Islam who was born in 642 from Persian parents. (Wikipedia).
[10] Rābiʻa al-ʻAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya or simply Rabiʿa al-Basri (717–801) was a Sufi mystic who lived in the eighth century. She was regarded as the first female saint of Sufism, the mystical tradition of Islam. (Wikipedia).
[11] Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī (Chorasmian/Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی Abū Rayḥān Bērōnī; New Persian: Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī) (4/5 September 973 – 13 December 1048), known as Al-Biruni (Arabic: البيروني) in English, was a Khwarezmian Iranian Muslim scholar and polymath. Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. (Wikipedia).
[12] Al-Mas‘udi (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي, Abu al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī; c. 896–956) was an Arab historian and geographer. He is sometimes referred to as the Herodotus of the Arabs. Al-Mas‘udi was one of the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems (Arabic: مروج الذهب ومعادن الجواهر, Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar), a world history. Al-Mas‘udi's travels actually occupied most of his life from at least 303/915 to very near the end. His journeys took him to most of the Persian provinces, Armenia, Azerbaijan and other regions of the Caspian Sea; as well as to Arabia, Syria and Egypt. He also travelled to the Indus Valley, and other parts of India, especially the western coast; and he voyaged more than once to East Africa. He also sailed on the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean and the Caspian. (Wikipedia).
[5] Hadith Jibreel, Hadith umbul 2 halawm sin Hadith 40 Imam An-Nawawi, riwayat Imam Muslim rhm.
[6] Hati niya taga Qawli, Qalbi, Fi'li, amuna in ammalan limingkud magpatanam tutug magjikir balik-balikan sabbutun in ngan sin Allah SWT. Magsambahayang, magpuasa atawa salat da in pagkaun, paginum iban mahang na gumuwa' mamanawan. Magjikir sadja, in manaw amura in atay niya limaya madtu pahadirat sin Allah SWT.
[7] Muqaddimah (DBP KL, 2009), pg. 631. Ibn Khaldūn (/ˌɪbənxælˈduːn/; Arabic: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي, Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī; May 27, 1332 – March 19, 1406) was a (Tunisian) Arab Muslim historiographer and historian, regarded to be among the founding fathers of modern sociology, historiography, demography, and economics. (Wikipedia).
[8] Syaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Author's Introduction to 'Umadat al-Salik, m.s. 48.
[9] Al-Hasan ibn Abi-l-Hasan al-Basri (Arabic: الحسن بن أبي الحسن البصري) (642–728), also known as Hasan al-Basri (حسن البصري), was a well-known Muslim preacher, theologian, and scholar of Islam who was born in 642 from Persian parents. (Wikipedia).
[10] Rābiʻa al-ʻAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya or simply Rabiʿa al-Basri (717–801) was a Sufi mystic who lived in the eighth century. She was regarded as the first female saint of Sufism, the mystical tradition of Islam. (Wikipedia).
[11] Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī (Chorasmian/Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی Abū Rayḥān Bērōnī; New Persian: Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī) (4/5 September 973 – 13 December 1048), known as Al-Biruni (Arabic: البيروني) in English, was a Khwarezmian Iranian Muslim scholar and polymath. Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. (Wikipedia).
[12] Al-Mas‘udi (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي, Abu al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī; c. 896–956) was an Arab historian and geographer. He is sometimes referred to as the Herodotus of the Arabs. Al-Mas‘udi was one of the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems (Arabic: مروج الذهب ومعادن الجواهر, Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar), a world history. Al-Mas‘udi's travels actually occupied most of his life from at least 303/915 to very near the end. His journeys took him to most of the Persian provinces, Armenia, Azerbaijan and other regions of the Caspian Sea; as well as to Arabia, Syria and Egypt. He also travelled to the Indus Valley, and other parts of India, especially the western coast; and he voyaged more than once to East Africa. He also sailed on the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean and the Caspian. (Wikipedia).